The Two Ecologies: Population and Community Perspectives on Organizational Evolution
区分了组织演化的两种生态视角：种群生态学关注既定种群内的演化，强调同质性与稳定性；群落生态学则聚焦种群兴衰，解释种群内同质性与种群间异质性。
W. Graham Astley This paper distinguishes between two ecological perspectives on organizational evolution: population ecology and community ecology. The perspectives adopt different levels of analysis and produce contrasting views of the characteristic mode and tempo of organizational evolution. Population ecology limits investigation to evolutionary change unfolding within established populations, emphasizing factors that homogenize organizational forms and maintain population stability. Population ecology thus fails to explain how populations originate in the first place or how evolutionary change occurs through the proliferation of heterogeneous organizational types. Community ecology overcomes these limitations: it focuses on the rise and fall of populations as basic units of evolutionary change, simultaneously explaining forces that produce homogeneity and stability within populations and heterogeneity between them.*