Variations in hospitalisation costs for acute myocardial infarction – a comparison across Europe
研究了欧洲九国45家医院急性心肌梗死住院费用的国家间与国家内差异，发现国家间差异更大，且经皮冠状动脉介入治疗显著增加费用。
The aim of this study was to determine whether between-country variations in hospital costs are larger than within-country variations and, furthermore, to explore reasons for this variability. For this purpose, we chose the primary treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as an episode of care. We obtained hospitalisation costs and reimbursement rates from 45 hospitals in nine different EU member states (i.e. Denmark, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and Spain) for the year 2005. To further analyse the variations in hospital costs, we employed a hierarchical random effects model based on treatment and hospital characteristics and using purchasing power parities (PPPs) as a proxy for country-specific price levels. The between-country standard error was estimated at 2473 euros, whereas the within-country standard error was estimated at 1242 euros. Our regression analysis showed that percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with significantly increased hospitals costs compared to other treatment strategies. We were able to distinguish between three groups of countries with different cost levels based on the number of hospitals that were able to provide these services (i.e. percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with intracoronary stenting). Excluding Hungary, Poland, and Spain, where none of the participating hospitals were able to provide these procedures, the between-country standard error decreased to 1632 euros, whereas the within-country standard error increased to 1416 euros. Finally, we observed exogenous price-level effects between countries and within countries for hospitals located in urban areas.