How Instructors Make a Difference: Panel Data Estimates from Principles of Economics Courses
使用面板数据估计不同教师对经济学原理课程学生学习效果的影响，发现教师效应差异很大，且与课堂自由度正相关。
Differences in student learning associated with different instructors in three types of principles of economics courses are estimated using a fixed- and random-effects specification for an educational production function. Results show a wide variance in these instructor effects and that this variance increases directly with the amount of latitude instructors are given in the classroom. Copyright 1991 by MIT Press.