The integrative revolution revisited
指出基于血缘、种族、语言和宗教的社会关系在发展中国家和工业国仍具强大影响力，批判现有政治经济发展理论忽视文化象征因素，并借鉴Shils、Geertz及人类学、历史学新进展，提出理解文化动态作用的新路径。
Contrary to the predictions of modernization theorists, social relationships grounded in assumed ties of blood, race, language, and religion remain a powerful force in both developing and industrial nations. Contemporary theories of political and economic development are inadequate for understanding the role of these “primordial ties” because, in rejecting modernization theory for its shortcomings, they have abandoned systematic consideration of cultural and symbolic phenomena. A reevaluation of the work of Edward Shils and Clifford Geertz, and an examination of recent developments in anthropology and history suggest new ways in which the dynamic role of cultural and symbolic processes in development can be understood.