Was There a National Labor Market at the End of the Nineteenth Century? New Evidence on Earnings in Manufacturing
利用制造业普查的平均年收入数据，研究19世纪末美国劳动力市场整合程度，发现东北和中北部地区早在1879年就已形成整合市场，但南北差异持续存在，全国统一市场在第一次世界大战前尚未形成。
Average annual earnings calculated from the census of manufactures are used to extend previous research on labor market integration in the United States. In contrast to earlier research examining occupational wage rates, census average earnings indicate that a well-integrated labor market had emerged in the Northeast and North Central regions as early as 1879. They also reveal substantial convergence within the South Atlantic and South Central regions, suggesting the emergence of a unified southern labor market. Large and persistent North-South differentials indicate, however, that a unified national labor market did not develop before World War I.