Recycled Effluent: Should the Polluter Pay?
分析沿海城市处理回收污水的两种方式（排海或灌溉农田），探讨谁应承担回收成本，发现“污染者付费”原则在理论上站不住脚，且谈判可能导致效率损失，并用以色列案例验证。
Abstract A coastal city can either dispose of recycled effluent by dumping it in the sea, or transfer it to farmers in its hinterland for irrigation. Who should bear the cost of recycling? Three alternatives are employed: a central planner who maximizes the combined utility of city and farmers; regulation by prices, for which purpose we develop the city's supply function;and a bargaining framework for the allocation of costs. The main conclusions are that “the polluter pays” rule cannot be justified in principle and that bargaining may result in inefficiency. We demonstrate with an example from Israel that essentially conforms to the theoretical structure.