Economic Performance in Regulated and Unregulated Environments: A Comparison of U.S. and Canadian Railroads
比较美国和加拿大铁路在不同监管环境下的经济绩效，发现监管较少的加拿大铁路生产率增长更快、水平更高，若美国铁路达到加拿大水平，每年可节省数十亿美元成本。
An opportunity to compare economic performance under substantially different levels of regulation is afforded by the differences in the regulatory environments of U. S. and Canadian railroads. We find that the less regulated Canadian railroads have achieved far higher productivity growth than have U. S. railroads. Furthermore, in spite of natural conditions favoring U. S. railroads, Canadian railroads have achieved a higher level of productivity. These findings for the typical U. S. and Canadian railroad are borne out by similar results for specific railroads. Had U. S. railroad productivity grown at the Canadian rate, U. S. railroad costs would be several billion dollars less each year.