Further Investigation of the Uncertain Unit Root in GNP
用更强大的ADF检验和以趋势平稳为原假设的检验分析美国GNP，发现战后季度数据无法得出明确结论，但1869-1986年年度数据拒绝单位根原假设，且不拒绝趋势平稳原假设。
A more powerful version of the ADF test and a test that has trend stationarity as the null are applied to U.S. GNP. Simulated critical values generated from plausible trend and difference stationary models are used in order to minimize possible finite sample biases. The discriminatory power of the two tests is evaluated using alternative-specific rejection frequencies. For post-War quarterly data, these two tests do not provide a definite conclusion. However, when analyzing annual data over the 1869-1986 period, the unit root null is rejected, while the trend stationary null is not.