Monopoly Rights: A Barrier to Riches
认为贫穷国家之所以贫穷，是因为它们采用了一种制度安排，使得均衡结果表现为使用低效技术且使用效率低下。通过分析一种特定安排——每个行业中，要素供应商联盟成为使用特定生产过程的企业的垄断投入品卖家——发现消除这种垄断可以在不增加投入的情况下使产出增加约3倍。
Our thesis is that poor countries are poor because they employ arrangements for which the equilibrium outcomes are characterized by inferior technologies being used, and being used inefficiently. In this paper, we analyze the consequences of one such arrangement. In each industry, the arrangement enables a coalition of factor suppliers to be the monopoly seller of its input services to all firms using a particular production process. We find that eliminating this monopoly arrangement could well increase output by roughly a factor of 3 without any increase in inputs.