Efficiency and Substitutability of Transit Subsidies and Other Urban Transport Policies
分析了公交补贴、汽车拥堵收费和公交专用道三种城市拥堵管理政策的效率与可替代性，发现政策间替代性很强，公交补贴的边际贡献随其他政策先行实施而迅速下降。
This paper analyzes the efficiency of and the substitutability between three urban congestion management policies: transit subsidization, car congestion pricing, and dedicated bus lanes. The model features user heterogeneity, cross-congestion effects between cars and transit, intertemporal and total transport demand elasticities, and is simulated using data for London, UK and Santiago, Chile. We find that the substitutability between policies is large and, in particular, the marginal contribution of increased transit subsidies, as other policies are implemented first, diminishes rapidly. Bus lanes are an attractive way to increase frequencies and decrease fares without injecting public funds.