Capital Utilization and Factor Specificity
将资本利用水平内生于企业成本最小化决策，融入国际贸易的标准特定要素模型，发现允许资本利用可变能产生更多贸易模式，并调和了19世纪英美贸易的“双重稀缺”解释与历史证据。
In this study a model of firm behavior that allows the level of capital utilization to be optimally chosen by cost-minimizing firms is embedded into the standard specific-factors model employed in the international trade literature. The resulting generalization of the specific-factors model provides several new insights. For instance, allowing for variable utilization in either or both sectors gives rise to a greater variety of possible trade patterns than forcing utilization to remain constant. Similarly, international differences in the willingness to work during abnormal hours generate a wider variety of trade patterns than are possible in the standard specific-factors model. Finally, this model allows a reconciliation of the "dual scarcity" explanation of the nineteenth century Anglo-American pattern of trade with the historical evidence on levels of utilization.