Capturing knowledge and knowing through improvisation: what managers can learn from the thoracic surgery board certification process
研究了胸外科认证过程中如何通过即兴发挥捕捉知识和认知，为管理者在复杂多变环境中有效行动提供借鉴。
To compete effectively in the information age, managers must take actions in ambiguous, complex, and rapidly changing environments. A thoracic surgeon facilitates actions that are consequential and difficult to reverse, that require individual and group expertise, and that are based on changing, complex inputs and environments that are often ambiguous and interact in unpredictable ways. We suggest that managers can benefit from learning we have gained from studying the thoracic surgery certification process.