The Self‐Perpetuation of Biased Beliefs
指出，要克服先入为主的信念需要强有力的反面证据；偏好同质顾问会强化原有偏见，导致观点极化与自利信念，若信息成本高则短期偏差可能永久化。
To overcome strong prior beliefs, strong evidence to the contrary is needed. If a person is predisposed to choosing a certain action, the advice from an advisor who sets a low threshold for recommending the alternative action is not of much use. The preference for like-minded advisors who supply coarse information implies that the advice a person receives is likely to reinforce his existing priors. This effect can lead to polarisation of opinion and the emergence of self-serving beliefs. The learning process is prolonged and the induced short run bias can become perpetual if information is costly. © Royal Economic Society 2004.