Constructing Social Citizenship: The Exclusion of African American Women from Unemployment Insurance in the US
分析美国失业保险法如何通过农业和家政服务豁免，系统性地将非裔美国女性排除在福利之外，揭示了种族、性别和阶级优势的叠加效应。
Theories of dual social citizenship in the US welfare state postulate that two tiers of citizenship rights are defined by the state, with first-class citizenship status offered to some individuals (historically, white male industrial workers) and second-class rights to others. Unemployment insurance (UI), as an employment-based right, is often characterized as a first-tier right. However, this examination of the original UI law shows that many levels of stratification were incorporated within this one program. Workers of color were excluded from UI benefits under the agricultural exemption, and the exclusion of private domestic workers barred an additional three-fifths of African American women from receiving UI benefits. The UI system built on existing stratification in the labor market to restrict this new right of social citizenship, as policy-makers re-examined and reified overlapping hierarchies of race, gender, and class advantage.