Perfect and imperfect real-time monitoring in a minimum-effort game
通过最小努力博弈实验，发现完美监控下几乎所有群体都能协调到高收益均衡，而不完美监控（仅观察邻居行动）无法改善协调或效率，原因是信息不确定性导致无法安全推断群体是否已协调。
Abstract This paper presents the results from a minimum-effort game in which individuals can observe the choices of others in real time. We find that under perfect monitoring almost all groups coordinate at the payoff-dominant equilibrium. However, when individuals can only observe the actions of their immediate neighbors in a circle network, monitoring improves neither coordination nor efficiency relative to a baseline treatment without real-time monitoring. We argue that the inefficacy of imperfect monitoring is due to information uncertainty, that is, uncertainty about the correct interpretation of a neighbor's actions. Information uncertainty prevents individuals from inferring safely that their group has managed to coordinate from the available information.