Policy and Non-Policy Barriers to Trade and Implicit Taxation of Exports in Uganda
研究了乌干达1990年代贸易政策改革后，运输成本等非政策壁垒对出口造成的隐性税收，发现其影响常超过政策壁垒。
Uganda has made significant progress in reducing policy-induced anti-export bias in its trade policy in the 1990s. Taxes on exports have been abolished, and import protection has been reduced considerably. Such trade barriers are only a component of thee transaction costs associated with trade. Poor infrastructure, notably by increasing transport costs, and institutional inefficiencies can significantly increase trade costs. The effective protection of imports, and implicit tax on exports, due to transport costs is calculated and compared to effective protection due to trade policy barriers for Uganda. The results reveal that transport costs are often very high, in many cases representing a greater cost (tax) to exporters than trade policy.