Effects of Family Background on Earnings and Returns to Schooling: Evidence from Brazil
研究巴西数据，发现加入父母教育后教育回报率下降约三分之一，岳父教育对工资影响大于父亲，表明家庭背景反映的是不可观测的个人特质而非裙带关系，家庭背景偏差较小。
The authors investigate whether omitted family background variables are responsible for high returns to schooling estimated in Brazil. Returns to schooling fall by about one-third when parental schooling is added to wage equations. Surprisingly, the schooling of fathers-in-law has larger effects on wages than the schooling of fathers. On the basis of a model of assortative mating, the authors interpret this as evidence that parental characteristics represent unobservable worker attributes rather than nepotism in the labor market. They conclude that the 'family background bias' in returns to schooling is modest and need not imply returns to family connections. Copyright 1993 by University of Chicago Press.