Domestic Violence: A Nonrandom Affair
构建并估计了一个浪漫伴侣间暴力行为的模型，将暴力视为直接满足和控制手段，发现男性收入增加会加剧暴力，而就业率提高会减少暴力；女性经济机会改善则显著降低暴力水平。
In this paper, we develop and estimate a model of violence between romantically linked men and women.Physical violence is viewed as both a source of direct gratification and as an instrument for controlling the victim's behavior.Our model is a Stackleberg type model in which the assailant maximizes expected utility subject to the stochastic reaction function of the victim.Our model is estimated by a bounded-influence regression technique because the process generating violence appears to lead to a heavy-tailed error distribution.Our empirical results suggest that increases in the assailants (i.e. the male's) income serve to increase violence, while increases in the proportion of the year that he is employed serve to decrease violence.Further, the employment effect is larger than the income effect.y way of contrast, our results suggest that the effect of a change in the female's employment or income depends heavily on her economic status relative to the male's.Finally,we find that improvements in the female's opportunites outside the relationship significantly reduce the level of violence.