Pork-Barrel Politics in Semi-Democracies: The Spanish “Parliamentary Roads,” 1880–1914
研究了西班牙复辟时期（1880-1914）议会代表如何影响道路基础设施支出，发现省级资源分配取决于议员领导职位和选举独立性，以及政权对稳定的追求。
This article analyzes the effects of parliamentary representation on road infrastructure expenditure during the Spanish Restoration. Using a panel data set of Spanish provinces in 1880–1914, we find that the allocation of administrative resources among provinces depended both on the delegation characteristics (such as the share of MPs with party leadership positions, and their degree of electoral independence), and the regime's global search for stability. These results point to the importance of electoral dynamics within semi-democratic political systems, and offer an example of the influence of government tactics on infrastructure allocation.