Student Guinea Pigs: Porcine Predictors and Particularistic Phenomena
回应关于使用大学生作为组织研究对象的评论，扩展了外部效度的定义，并强调非学生样本并不能保证普适性，其外部效度检验仅限于实验对象类型间的比较。
The article presents a reply to comments about the article “‘The Science of the Sophomore’ Revisited: From Conjecture to Empiricism,” by the authors M. E. Gordon, L.A. Slade, and N. Schmitt, regarding using college students as subjects for organizational research. The authors begin the article by expanding their definition of external validity and the nature of empirical evidence of generalizability. The authors state that their research was not premised on the idea that the use of non-student samples guarantees generalizability, and that their experiments with external validity were confined to within-study comparisons between experimental subject types.