Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place
综述了30多年来利用配对虚假交易者进行市场歧视的实地实验，发现劳动力、住房和产品市场中针对非白人和女性的歧视普遍且持续，并介绍了实验方法的发展历程。
Controlled experiments, using matched pairs of bogus transactors, to test for discrimination in the marketplace have been conducted for over 30 years, and have extended across 10 countries. Significant, persistent and pervasive levels of discrimination have been found against nonwhites and women in labour, housing and product markets. Rates of employment discrimination against non-whites, in excess of 25 % have been measured in Australia, Europe and North America. A small number of experiments have also investigated employment discrimination against the disabled in Britain and the Netherlands, and against older applicants in the United States. The technique of conducting carefully controlled field experiments to measure discrimination in the market place is 35 years old. Although the market is the centrepiece of the economist’s attention the initial development of this technique was by British sociologists. Daniel’s (1968) tests for racial discrimination in the English housing and labour market, using matched pairs of actors, were followed by Jowell and Prescott-Clarke (1970), who introduced written tests. It was not until the 1980s that this experimental technique found a place in the