Regional Clusters in a Global World: Production Relocation, Innovation, and Industrial Decline
从区域视角研究全球化背景下生产转移对区域集群的影响，发现生产活动的模块化和数字化程度决定了集群的粘性和协调成本，进而影响创新与竞争力。
In the wake of globalization, still more regional clusters are globally outsourcing (purchasing components that were originally manufactured internally) or offshoring (globally relocating manufacturing while maintaining ownership control). Policy makers and business strategists alike are searching for theoretical frameworks to understand the underlying dynamics of this global reshuffling of production activities and how this will affect innovation and competitiveness. This article examines production relocation from a regional perspective. It shows that the impact of globalization on regional clusters depends on the modularity and digitalization of the regional production activities, which affect stickiness and coordination costs.