Learned Helplessness: An Alternative Explanation for Performance Deficits
提出习得性无助理论，解释组织中员工因环境条件而被动适应不良的行为，并探讨如何减少组织诱发的无助感。
This paper presents a theory of learned helplessness to account for passive maladaptive behavior in organizations. The essential hypothesis is that the properties of formal organizations often inadvertently condition employee failure and that this behavior frequently continues even after environmental changes make success possible. A model describing the intrapersonal process of becoming helpless is developed. Particular attention is devoted to the description of strategies for minimizing organizationally induced helplessness.