The Power of Activism: Assessing the Impact of NGOs on Global Business
通过分析优尼科、耐克和诺华三个案例，探讨企业应对非政府组织压力的不同方式，包括先发制人、妥协和抵抗，并评估驱动企业反应差异的经济与非经济因素。
Recent decades have witnessed the proliferation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the emergence of activism across a wide variety of issue areas. On topics ranging from human rights to labor conditions, NGOs and activists represent an increasingly important constituency in a firm's non-market environment. This article explores the different ways in which firms manage NGO pressure, noting instances of preemption, capitulation, and resistance. The article considers three case studies— Unocal, Nike, and Novartis—and evaluates a series of hypotheses about the economic and non-economic factors that drive variation in firms' responses to NGO activism.