The Nonpecuniary Costs of Automobile Emissions Standards
量化了1972-1981年美国汽车排放标准导致的驾驶性能下降这一非金钱成本，发现早期标准中该成本超过设备与燃油效率损失，但技术进步使近期标准增量成本远低于预期。
An important component of the costs of automotive air-pollution control has been nonpecuniary: a decline in vehicle performance characteristics. This regulatory impact on what the auto industry calls drivability has never been quantified, although there is considerable reason to believe that it has been a major component of the costs of some of the auto emissions standards of the last decade. We develop a methodology for econometric assessment of such costs, and apply it to the automobile air pollution standards of 1972-1981. We find that these costs are important. For the first standards implemented in the 1970s they exceeded the costs of pollution control equipment installed on the car and the costs of decreased fuel efficiency. Since then, however, advances in compliance technology have allowed increases in automobile quality so that incremental costs of recent standards are much lower than previously believed.