Surprises in Management and Organization: Concept, Sources and A Typology*
将意外定义为未预期发生或预期事件以意外形式出现，构建基于问题与过程预期性的类型学，揭示组织面临的不同意外类型及其管理方法。
We discuss why surprises, defined as events that happen unexpectedly or expected events that take unexpected shapes, are important to organizations and should be considered in the organization and management literature as an umbrella concept, encompassing a variety of related phenomena. The concept of organizational surprises is unpacked and a typology is built around the (un)expectedness of the issue and the (un)expectedness of the process. This typology uncovers the several types of surprising events that organizations may face, and contributes to the literature by identifying how different types of surprises require distinct managerial approaches.