Optimal Pricing in Electrical Networks over Space and Time
建立了一个包含传输网络、客户、中央和独立发电商的电力系统模型，考虑随机故障和需求，推导出随空间和时间随机变化的最优现货价格，并指出当前空间定价方法与现货价格方法的显著差异。
An electrical system is modelled with a transmission network, customers, central generators, and independent generators. The system is subject to stochastic failures and stochastic demand parameters. Optimal spot prices are derived for the system. They vary stochastically with space and time, and depend on electrical load flow patterns. The price difference between two locations or two voltage levels, and the wheeling charge between them, will change magnitude and sometimes sign over time, as a function of events throughout the network. Current spatial pricing methods are significantly different from the spot-price-based methods derived here.