Conceptualizing Knowledge Creation: A Critique of Nonaka's Theory*
批判野中郁次郎的知识创造理论，指出其缺乏证据支持且概念框架有缺陷，并提出基于杜威哲学的新框架，区分非反思与反思行为对应不同知识类型。
abstract Nonaka's proposition that knowledge is created through the interaction of tacit and explicit knowledge involving four modes of knowledge conversion is flawed. Three of the modes appear plausible but none are supported by evidence that cannot be explained more simply. The conceptual framework omits inherently tacit knowledge, and uses a radically subjective definition of knowledge: knowledge is in effect created by managers. A new framework is proposed suggesting that different kinds of knowledge are created by different kinds of behaviour. Following Dewey, non‐reflectional behaviour is distinguished from reflective behaviour, the former being associated with tacit knowledge, and the latter with explicit knowledge. Some of the implications for academic and managerial practice are considered.