An Assessment of the Psychological Determinants of Planning in Small Businesses
将368名小企业主/经理按规划方式分为三组，发现使用书面规划的企业家成就需求、创新偏好和风险承担倾向显著高于其他两组。
DR. JAMES W. CARLAND, DR. JO ANN C.CARLAND and CARROLL D. ABY. Jr. are with the Western Carolina University School of Business. North Carolina, United State of America. A sample of 368 small business owners/managers were divided into three groups: those who use formal, written plans; those who employ informal, unwritten plans; and non-planners. The groups were compared on their need for achievement, innovative preferences and risk-taking propensity as well as education level, sales, management structure, and number of employees. The group employing written plans was found to have significantly higher need for achievement, innovative preference and risk-taking propensity than the group employing unwritten plans and non-planners.