Who Pays the Costs of Non‐GMO Segregation and Identity Preservation?
分析在转基因与非转基因双市场体系中，维持分离和身份保存的成本由谁承担、收益由谁获得，并考察竞争与垄断两种市场结构下的福利效应。
Abstract Our aim is to explore who pays the costs and who reaps the benefits of maintaining a dual‐market system of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and non‐GMOs. We analyze the welfare effects of the introduction of consumer “hatred” given GMO technology and the introduction of GMO technology given hatred. Making alternative assumptions of competitive and then monopolistic supply, we recognize that identity preservation (IP) of non‐GMOs creates costs for IP and non‐IP producers. We model these costs as depending on the sizes of the two supply channels.