Opening to the East: Shipping Between Europe and Asia, 1770–1830
研究了1770至1820年间欧亚航运成本降低三分之二的原因，包括铜包覆等技术改进和英国在印度洋的霸权，这些变化对缩小洲际价格差异的作用不亚于消除垄断利润。
Shipping costs between Europe and Asia were reduced by two-thirds between the 1770s and the 1820s. Copper sheathing and other technical improvements which allowed ships to make more frequent voyages over longer lifetimes accounted for part of the cost reduction. British hegemony in the Indian Ocean, which ended an eighteenth-century arms race, accounted for the rest by allowing the substitution of smaller ships which cost less to build and required fewer men per ton. These changes were at least as important as the elimination of monopoly profits in narrowing intercontinental price differentials during the early nineteenth century.