Poverty in Palanpur
基于1983-84年印度帕兰普尔村的田野调查和26年间的四次收入数据，比较了三种生活水平指标，发现单年收入可能误导贫困判断，低种姓和农业劳动者家庭脆弱性高。
The meaning and identification of poverty are examined using three indicators of standard of living in the North Indian village of Palanpur. The first is intended as a measure of “apparent prosperity” based on the personal assessments of investigators after intensive field work in the village over the full agricultural year 1983–84. The other two are income in 1983–84, and a measure of permanent income obtained by averaging incomes from four surveys conducted over a twenty-six-year interval. A comparison of these three indicators shows that income measured in any one year may give a misleading impression of the incidence of poverty. The risk of poverty for households is calculated. Vulnerability is high among low-caste households and those which are involved in agricultural labor. Categories, however, are not homogeneous; for example, whereas the landless and widows are more likely to be poor, some of such households are quite well off. It is argued that poverty in a good agricultural year is a better indicator of sustained poverty than poverty in a bad year. Occupational mobility out of agricultural labor is low, and changes in the distribution of land are largely accounted for by demographic processes such as household splits.