Intervening Opportunities, Competing Searchers, and the Intrametropolitan Flow of Male Youth Labor
研究奥克兰大都市区内男性青少年工人的通勤模式，发现控制中间机会和中间劳动力供给后，距离对劳动力流动的负面影响减少近90%，但距离仍有显著负效应。
This paper analyzes the determinants of the journey‐to‐work commuting patterns for male teenage workers within a single local labor market: the Oakland Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area. Controlling for the intervening opportunities and the intervening labor supply between a given origin and destination reduces the estimated negative effect of distance on the interzonal flow of labor by nearly 90 percent. Nonetheless, physical distance has a significant and substantial negative effect on intrametropolitan youth labor flows. Despite the high correlation between intervening opportunities and intervening competing workers, both spatial variables have sizable, and independent, effects on labor flows.