On the nature of technologies: knowledge, procedures, artifacts and production inputs
这篇短文从最一般的角度定义技术，将其视为人类为实现特定目的（如运输、信息传递或治病）而构建的手段，并剖析其包含的程序、知识、人工制品和投入要素等互补方面。
In the most general terms, a technology can be seen as a human-constructed means for achieving a particular end, such as the movement of goods and people, the transmission of information or the cure of a disease. These means most often entail procedures regarding how to achieve the ends concerned, particular bits of knowledge, artifacts and of course specific physical inputs necessary to yield the desired outcomes. In fact, the procedures and the underlying knowledge they draw upon, the physical and intangible inputs implicated, and the performance characteristics of outputs are different but complementary aspects of what technology is. These things are the object of this short essay.