Offshoring Jobs? Multinationals and U.S. Manufacturing Employment
利用美国经济分析局的企业数据，研究发现跨国公司将生产转移到低工资国家会替代国内就业，但若国内外任务差异大则形成互补，总体而言离岸外包对美国制造业就业的负面影响较小。
Using firm-level data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, we estimate the impact on U.S. manufacturing employment of changes in foreign affiliate wages. We show that the motive for offshoring and, consequently, the location of offshore activity, significantly affects the impact of offshoring on parent employment. In general, offshoring to low-wage countries substitutes for domestic employment. However, for firms that do significantly different tasks at home and abroad, foreign and domestic employment are complements. These offsetting effects may be combined to show that offshoring by U.S.-based multinationals is associated with a quantitatively small decline in manufacturing employment. © 2011 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.