Determinants of salaries earned: Comparisons of black and white healthcare managers
研究分析了白人男性、黑人男性、白人女性和黑人女性四类医疗管理者的薪资差异，发现黑人和女性薪资较低，并评估了个人成就、组织类型和内部待遇对薪资的影响。
We develop and test a model of salaries attained for four groups of healthcare executives: white males (n=216); black males (n=124), white females (n=249) and black females (n=139). We show that blacks are not earning as much as whites and that females of either race are earning less than males. Three sets of predictors are evaluated: individual achievements; access to employment by certain types of healthcare organizations; and treatment within the employing organization. Individual attainments, such as years of experience, predict higher salaries in all four groups. Only black males benefit from having taken a specialized degree in healthcare management. Also, supervision of whites within the employing organization raises the salaries of all groups except white females. Hospital employment, and private-sector employment play only an indirect role in salaries achieved by blacks in this 1991 survey.