The Role of Dissatisfaction and per Capita Income in Explaining Self–Employment across 15 European Countries
研究了1978-2000年15个欧洲国家自雇率的差异，发现人均收入有显著负向影响，而社会层面的不满情绪（对生活或民主运作的不满）有显著正向影响，表明推动因素在激励结构中很重要。
This article deals with explaining the sizable differences in the rate of self–employment (business ownership) across 15 European countries in the period 1978–2000, within a framework of occupational choice, focusing on the influence of dissatisfaction and of per capita income. Using two different measures of dissatisfaction, in addition to the level of economic development and controlling for several other variables, we find that, in addition to a negative and significant impact of per capita income, dissatisfaction at the level of societies has a positive and significant influence on self–employment levels. Both dissatisfaction with life and dissatisfaction with the way democracy works are found to influence self–employment. It is concluded that these are proxies for job dissatisfaction and at the same time represent other negative “displacements” known to promote self–employment. The findings indirectly point at the potential importance of push factors within the incentive structures of modern economies.