POPULATION GROWTH AMONG U.S. REGIONS AND METROPOLITAN AREAS: A TEST FOR CAUSALITY
检验了美国主要大都市区和区域的人口增长理论，通过格兰杰因果检验发现城市规模或增长中心并非区域增长的引擎。
"This paper explores theories of population growth, and implied economic growth, among the major U.S. metro areas and regions. One set of theoretical arguments [favors] the growth of large cities, while an alternative set of arguments [favors] the growth of the smaller urban areas. Still another set of arguments [combines] economic space and urban size in the concept of regional growth centers as the engines of regional growth. Granger causality tests are applied to determine the role of urban size or growth centers as engines of regional growth. The test results indicate no causal relationship exists."