The Organizational Validity of Management Information Systems
提出组织有效性概念，指信息系统与其使用环境的匹配度，并探讨导致系统失效的条件及实现有效性的两种过程（整合与协商），最后评估提升有效性作为改进系统效果的策略。
Organizational validity refers to the “fit” between an information system and its organizational context of use. This paper applies the concept to MIS and extends it beyond earlier formulations. The conditions fostering invalid systems and two processes by which organizational validity is achieved, integration and negotiation, are discussed. Finally, the desirability of increasing validity as a strategy of improving system effectiveness is assessed.