Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914
利用预算数据考察奥斯曼帝国的财政集权历程，发现17-18世纪因中间人占比高导致收入落后于其他欧洲国家，但19世纪通过应对军事失败实现了中央收入显著增长。
The early modern era witnessed the formation across Europe of centralized states that captured increasing shares of resources as taxes. These states not only enjoyed greater capacity to deal with domestic and external challenges, they were also able to shield their economies better against wars. This article examines the Ottoman experience with fiscal centralization using recently compiled evidence from budgets. It shows that due to high shares of intermediaries, Ottoman revenues lagged behind those of other states in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Ottomans responded to military defeats, however, and achieved significant increases in central revenues during the nineteenth century.