The Myth of Free-Trade Britain and Fortress France: Tariffs and Trade in the Nineteenth Century
通过分析官方商业统计数据，发现19世纪大部分时期法国平均关税水平实际上低于英国，挑战了关于英法早期自由贸易努力的普遍看法。
This examination of official commercial statistics suggests that the conventional wisdom regarding early free-trade efforts of Britain and France is wrong. French average tariff levels were, surprisingly, consistently below those of Britain throughout most of the nineteenth century, even after the abolition of the Corn Laws and before passage of the 1860 Treaty of Commerce. Previous scholarship has focused on French commercial policies covering a narrow range of items and has largely ignored the overall trade policies of both nations. This study moves us further away from stories of development and trade confined to a few “leading”sectors.