Necessity as the mother of ‘green’ inventions: Institutional pressures and environmental innovations
基于制度理论和创新文献，研究了监管和规范压力如何促使美国污染行业企业进行环境创新，发现压力对污染相对更严重的企业影响更大，且资产专用性和资源可用性起调节作用。
Drawing on institutional theory and innovation literature, we argue that greater regulatory and normative pressures concerning environmental issues positively influence companies' propensity to engage in environmental innovation. Analysis of environment‐related patents of 326 publicly traded firms from polluting industries in the United States suggests that institutional pressures can trigger such innovation, especially in those firms displaying a greater deficiency gap (i.e., firms polluting relatively more than their industry peers). Moreover, we find that this effect is stronger when asset specificity is high, and that the availability of resources plays different roles depending on the type of pressures (regulatory vs. normative).Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd .