Central Problems in the Management of Innovation
定义创新为在制度秩序中人们通过交易发展并实施新想法，提炼出管理者面临的注意力、新想法流通、部分整体关系和制度领导四个核心问题，并构建了指导创新管理纵向研究的框架。
Innovation is defined as the development and implementation of new ideas by people who over time engage in transactions with others within an institutional order. This definition focuses on four basic factors (new ideas, people, transactions, and institutional context). An understanding of how these factors are related leads to four basic problems confronting most general managers: (1) a human problem of managing attention, (2) a process problem in managing new ideas into good currency, (3) a structural problem of managing part-whole relationships, and (4) a strategic problem of institutional leadership. This paper discusses these four basic problems and concludes by suggesting how they fit together into an overall framework to guide longitudinal study of the management of innovation.