Fertility and Marriage in a Nineteenth-Century Industrial City: Philadelphia, 1850–1880
利用1850–1880年费城白人家庭的人口普查数据，分析不同族群（本土白人、德国人、爱尔兰人）的年龄别生育率、婚姻生育率及结婚率，发现本土白人低生育源于晚婚和低婚姻生育率，第二代移民婚姻生育率快速下降，且族群内部职业群体间存在差异。
This paper examines age-specific and differential fertility, both marital and total, and nuptiality for census samples of white Philadelphia families headed by native white Americans, Germans, and Irish for 1850–1880. Using Philadelphia Social History Project data, own-children techniques are employed to construct age-standardized child-woman ratios and age-specific total and marital fertility rates. Conclusions are that the low fertility among native whites was due to both low marital fertility and later marriage; that rapid declines in marital fertility occurred among second generation migrants; and that variations existed in marital fertility across occupational groupings within ethnic groups.