Cheap Coals or Limitation of the Vend? The London Coal Trade, 1770–1845
用计量模型估计了煤矿主卡特尔“销售限制”对伦敦煤炭价格和产量的影响，发现正式管制时价格显著上升但产量变化不大，价格效应相对较小，尤其是与单位煤炭税相比。
An econometric model is here used to estimate the price and output effect of the Limitation of the Vend, a mineowners' cartel. It is found that when a formal regulation existed the price of coal rose significantly in the London market, whereas there was little output effect. The price effect was relatively small, however, especially when compared to the per unit tax on coal. Although the cartel was deemed to be successful, the existence of substantial monopoly profits was questioned.