The Temporal Evolution of Proactiveness in Family Firms
研究了家族企业年龄与主动性之间的S形关系，发现主动性随年龄先降后升再降，且当管理控制分散在多个家族成员时这一关系更陡峭。
We extend prior work on proactiveness in family firms by examining the relationship between firm age and proactiveness. Specifically, we propose an S-shaped effect of aging of family firms on proactiveness. Additionally, we provide a contingency perspective by considering the moderating role of the dispersion of managerial control among family members. Using a sample of Swiss family firms, we find that proactiveness first declines, then increases, and finally decreases again as the family firm ages, and that this relationship is steeper when the managerial control is dispersed among multiple family members.