COMMON RIGHTS TO LAND IN ENGLAND, 1475–1839
利用慈善土地作为样本，估算了1475-1839年英格兰共有土地的比例，发现1600年仅有27%为共有，且其中大部分是限制使用的，无地穷人能进入的共有荒地仅占4%。
We estimate the extent of common land in England from 1475 to 1839, treating charity land as a sample. We find common was only 27 percent of land in 1600. Thus there was little common beyond what Parliamentary acts later enclosed. More tentatively, common was only one-third of land even in 1500. Further, common land in 1600 was mainly stinted, excluding those without formal property rights. Common waste, to which the landless poor did have access, constituted a mere 4 percent of land, and was mainly land of marginal value. Private property was thus the norm in England by 1600.