The Classical Notion of Competition Revisited
填补古典经济学在市场非均衡状态下价格决定过程的空白，区分古典自由竞争与瓦尔拉斯完全竞争，重构斯密和马克思的观点，并揭示马克思的比喻和数值例子预示了现代伯特兰双寡头模型中的市场分类。
This article seeks to fill a lacuna within classical economics concerning the process of market price determination in situations of market disequilibrium. To this aim, first we distinguish the classical notion of free competition from the Walrasian notion of perfect competition and we argue that the latter is beset with some theoretical difficulties alien to the former. Second, we reconstruct in some detail Smith’s and Marx’s views concerning market price determination and show that Marx’s extensive use of metaphors and numerical examples foreshadows the modern taxonomy of buyers’ market, sellers’ market, and mixed strategy equilibrium in the capacity space of a standard Bertrand duopoly model. Finally, we highlight similarities and differences between the classical notion of competition and contemporary Bertrand competition models.