Give them what they want or give them what they need? Ideology in the study of leadership
分析了近年来基于价值观或意识形态的领导力模型（如真实型、服务型、道德型领导），指出这些模型在预测组织绩效上能力有限，且存在测量、控制等方法论问题，以及混淆领导与道德、忽视系统影响等实质缺陷，提醒研究者谨慎使用。
Summary In recent years, a number of new, values‐based, or ideological models focusing on leader behavior have been proposed. These models include authentic, servant, character‐based, ethical, spiritual, and aesthetic leadership. In the present effort, we argue that these models, despite some differences in key dimensions, are tied together by a focus on moral behavior. The available evidence indicates that these models have only modest predictive power with respect to organizational performance criteria. More centrally, we argue that tests of these models are characterized by significant methodological problems with respect to both measurement and control. Moreover, these models suffer from some serious substantive concerns, including the explicit confounding of leadership and morality, discounting of system impacts, inappropriate assumptions about follower needs, and inappropriate scientific inferences. These models also fail to provide viable new approaches for leader development. We conclude that caution must be exercised when these models are employed as a basis for understanding leadership. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.