Is There a Hold‐up Problem?
通过实验研究单边投资后双边讨价还价中的敲竹杠问题，发现无沟通时投资低且协调差，单方沟通改善协调但未达完美，成功协调多导致公平结果，卖方在买方沟通下表现不差于卖方沟通。
Abstract We report on a hold‐up experiment in which unilateral investment is followed by bilateral bargaining according to Nash’s demand game. Without communication, investment is low and coordination is poor. Unilateral communication facilitates coordination, but not perfectly. Successful coordination predominantly entails “fair” outcomes. Perhaps surprisingly, sellers (investors) do at least as well under buyer communication as under seller communication.